Incontinence of urine is the loss or loss of self-control of urination due to bladder sphincter injury or nerve dysfunction, resulting in involuntary outflow of urine. Urinary incontinence can occur in patients of any age and gender, most often in women and the elderly.
epidemiology
Good crowd
There are no idiopathic groups
symptoms
Typical performance
Urine leaks out of the urethra, drips, or flows out of the urethra without subjective control.
1. Degree of incontinence
(1) Mild: urine overflow only occurs when coughing, sneezing, and picking up heavy objects;
(2) Moderate: urinary incontinence occurs when walking, standing, and light exertion;
(3) Severe: Urinary incontinence can occur in both upright and lying positions. According to the manifestation and duration of symptoms, they can be divided into:
2. The duration is different
(1) Persistent urinary flow: seen in complete urinary incontinence, complete loss of urethral resistance, inability to store urine in the bladder and continuous outflow from the bladder, and the bladder is in an empty state. Common injuries to the bladder neck and urethral sphincter caused by trauma, surgery, or congenital disorders. It can also be seen in urethral opening ectopics and vesicovaginal fistulas in women.
(2) Intermittent urinary flow: excessive bladder overfilling, resulting in continuous overflow of urine. Chronic urinary retention is caused by severe mechanical (such as prostatic hyperplasia) or functional obstruction of the lower urinary tract, and urine continuously drips out of the urethra when the intrabladder pressure rises to a certain extent and exceeds urethral resistance. The bladder in this group of patients is distended. Because urination relies on spinal cord reflexes, when upper motor neurons are diseased, patients will also have involuntary intermittent urination, and patients will have no sensation when urinating.
3. Common types
(1) Stress urinary incontinence: When abdominal pressure increases (such as coughing, sneezing, going up stairs or running), urine flows out of the urethra. It is mainly seen in women, especially in people who have given birth or birth injuries, and occasionally in women who have not yet given birth.
(2) Urge urinary incontinence: The patient has a strong desire to urinate, a feeling of eagerness to urinate, and the urine is automatically set aside. The amount of urine that comes out is large. some can be completely emptied; It is often accompanied by bladder irritation symptoms such as frequent urination and urgency and lower abdominal distension and pain; Urinary incontinence occurs due to strong contraction of the detrusor muscle caused by partial motor neuron lesions or acute cystitis.
(3) Full urinary incontinence: Because the bladder is not completely emptyed, you will drip urine frequently or continuously.
(4) Functional urinary incontinence: Physical or mental disability prevents you from going to the toilet in time. For example, if you have severe arthritis, you may not be able to unbutton your pants quickly enough.
(5) True urinary incontinence: There are obstructive factors in the urethra, causing the bladder to fill with a large amount of urine. When the pressure of filling exceeds the pressure of urethral obstruction, involuntary urinary incontinence can occur, which is more common in diseases such as posturethral obstruction, urinary retention or neurogenic bladder caused by urethral stone obstruction or prostatic hyperplasia.
(6) Mixed urinary incontinence: Experiencing more than one type of urinary incontinence at the same time.
4. Complications
(1) Skin problems: Constantly damp skin can cause rashes, skin infections, and sores.
(2) Urinary tract infections: Incontinence increases the risk of recurrent urinary tract infections.
(3) Affect personal life: Urinary incontinence can affect your social, work, and interpersonal relationships.
cause
Summary
Urinary incontinence is not a disease, but a symptom. It can be caused by daily habits, underlying medical conditions, or physical problems. In addition to some medications, urinary incontinence may be caused by pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, hysterectomy, prostate enlargement, prostate cancer, urethral obstruction, neurological diseases, etc.
Symptom causes
1. Temporary urinary incontinence
Certain drinks, foods, and medications may act as diuretics, irritating the bladder and increasing urine output.
(1) Food: alcohol, caffeine, carbonated drinks and sodas, artificial sweeteners, chocolate, red peppers and other foods rich in spices, sugars or acids (such as citrus fruits).
(2) Drugs: mainly including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (such as enalapril), sedatives, muscle relaxants, high-dose vitamin C, etc.
(3) Diseases: such as urinary tract infections, which can irritate the bladder, cause a strong urge to urinate, and sometimes cause urinary incontinence; As in constipation, the rectum is located near the bladder and shares many of the same nerves. Hard, tight stools in the rectum can cause these nerves to become overactive and increase urinary frequency.
2. Persistent urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence can also be a persistent condition caused by an underlying physical problem or change.
(1) Pregnancy: Hormonal changes and fetal weight gain can lead to stress urinary incontinence.
(2) Delivery: Vaginal delivery can affect the muscles that control the bladder and can also damage the bladder nerves and surrounding supporting tissues, causing the pelvic floor to descend (prolapse), and the bladder, uterus, rectum, or small intestine may press down from its usual position and protrude into the vagina. This prominence may be associated with incontinence.
(3) Aging: Aging of the bladder muscles reduces the bladder’s ability to store urine. In addition, involuntary bladder contractions become more frequent.
(4) Menopause: Because estrogen helps maintain the health of the bladder and urethra, when women are menopausal, the production of estrogen will be significantly reduced, so it will aggravate urinary incontinence.
(5) Hysterectomy: In women, many of the same muscles and ligaments support the bladder and uterus. Any surgery involving a woman’s reproductive system, including removal of the uterus, can damage the supporting muscles of the pelvic floor, leading to incontinence.
(6) Prostate enlargement: Especially in older men, incontinence usually stems from prostatic hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
(7)前列腺癌:在男性中,压力性尿失禁或急迫性尿失禁可能与未经治疗的前列腺癌有关。尿失禁也是前列腺癌治疗的副作用。
(8)梗阻:泌尿道任何地方的肿瘤、结石都会阻塞正常的尿液流动,从而导致尿失禁。
(9)神经系统疾病:多发性硬化症、帕金森氏病、中风、脑瘤或脊柱损伤会干扰参与膀胱控制的神经信号,导致尿失禁。
3、风险因素
(1)性别:妇女更有可能出现压力性尿失禁。怀孕、分娩、更年期和正常女性解剖结构是造成这种差异的原因。但是,患有前列腺疾病的男性患冲动和尿失禁的风险增加。
(2)年龄:随着年龄的增长,膀胱和尿道中的肌肉会失去一些力量。随着年龄的变化,膀胱的容纳量减少,尿液非自愿释放的可能性增加。
(3)超重:额外的体重会增加膀胱和周围肌肉的压力,从而削弱膀胱肌肉的调节功能,并在咳嗽或打喷嚏时会使尿液漏出。
(4)抽烟:吸烟可能会增加尿失禁的风险。
(5)家族史:如果直系亲属患有尿失禁,特别是急迫性尿失禁,则患此病的风险会更高。
(6)其他疾病:神经系统疾病或糖尿病可能会增加失禁的风险。
常见疾病
尿道上裂、膀胱外翻、输尿管开口异位、脐尿管瘘、尿道括约肌和盆底肌肉损伤、尿道阴道瘘、输尿管阴道瘘、膀胱炎症、血栓形成、炎症、外伤、肿瘤压迫、糖尿病等。
就医
急诊(120)指征
1、尿液持续不断溢出,不受控制;
2、外伤后尿失禁;
3、伴大便失禁,下肢感觉异常或运动障碍等其它神经症状;
4、出现其它危急情况。
以上均须及时拨打急救电话或急诊处理。
门诊指征
1、反复出现不自主漏尿症状;
2、在咳嗽、打喷嚏、拾重物、走路、站立、轻度用力时出现,甚至安静状态或平躺时都会出现尿溢出,影响患者日常生活和工作,给患者带来尴尬、焦虑和痛苦;
3、手术后、产后的尿失禁;
4、伴其它排尿异常,如尿频、尿急、尿痛、排尿困难等;
5、伴腰腹部肿块,腰腹部疼痛不适等;
6、长期尿失禁的患者,反复尿路感染;
7、长期尿失禁伴尿道口周围皮肤湿疹、糜烂、压疮等;
8、出现其他严重、持续或进展性症状体征,均须及时就医。
以上均须及时就医咨询。
就诊科室
1、单纯尿失禁,或合并其它泌尿系统症状,应去泌尿外科就医。
2、危急情况,急诊处理。
3、合并皮肤并发症,可咨询皮肤科。
4、怀疑神经系统疾病导致者,可咨询神经科。
就医准备
1、患者在检查前几天尽量清淡饮食,不要吃辛辣刺激的食物,同时避免饮酒、熬夜等情况。
2、患者在去检查时可以多备一套内裤及外裤,以便于发生尿失禁后更换,或者是穿戴成人纸尿裤。
3、提前预约挂号,并携带身份证、医保卡、就医卡等。
4、若近期有就诊经历,请携带相关病历、检查报告、化验单等。
5、近期若服用一些药物、维生素和补品,可携带药盒或说明。
6、可安排家属陪同就医。
7、患者可提前准备想要咨询的问题清单。
医生可能问患者哪些问题
1、您出现尿失禁的症状多久了?随着时间的推移有加重的情况吗?
2、您在排尿前是否能感觉到尿意?您的尿失禁是仅在咳嗽打喷嚏时出现,还是在走路站立时出现,甚至无论直立或卧位都可发生尿失禁?
3、您每次的尿量大概是多少?尿失禁的频率是多少?
4、您除了尿失禁以外还有什么其他的症状吗,如尿频、尿急、尿痛、便秘、大便失禁、下腹胀痛?
5、您既往有过尿道或前列腺的手术吗?是否有多次分娩史或产伤史?
6、您的直系家属中有人患过前列腺或结直肠肿瘤吗?
7、您平时是否经常食用一些高脂肪的食物?您平时会经常锻炼吗?
8、您平时有没有吸烟、饮酒的习惯?吸烟、饮酒多长时间了?每天的量大概是多少?
患者可以问医生哪些问题
1、我为什么会有尿失禁的症状?最可能的原因是什么?
2、我的症状严重吗?需要做哪些检查?
3、我需要住院吗?
4、我现在需要用怎样的手段治疗?能治愈吗?
5、这些治疗方法对我有什么风险吗?治疗后会复发吗?
6、我的诊断和治疗的下一步是什么?
7、我还有其他疾病,这会影响我的治疗吗?
8、回家后我应该注意什么?
9、如果需要吃药治疗,药物的用法用量、注意事项是什么?
10、我需要复查吗?多久一次?
检查
预计检查
患者多需行尿常规、尿培养及肾功能检查等对病情做初步判断,必要时结合影像学检查对尿失禁性质及病因做深入探查。尿流动力学检查同样是尿失禁患者的常见检查,必要时还需行尿道膀胱镜检对局部进行直接观察。
实验室检查
患者多应做尿常规和尿培养以确定有无感染。抽血查肾功能。
影像学检查
X线检查膀胱尿道造影是常见的影像学检查,在侧位片上,测量尿道后角,正常为90°~100°,排尿时消失;而压力性尿失禁病人不排尿时,尿道缩短,尿道宽畅,膀胱尿道后角消失,不排尿时膀胱颈部呈漏斗状,腹压增加时更明显。X线平片了解泌尿系有无结石。
其他检查
1、尿流动力学检查
(1)膀胱内压测定:压力性尿失禁病人膀胱内压下降。根据膀胱内压的高低分为:①轻度,其膀胱内压为60~80cmH2O。②中度,膀胱内压为24~60cmH2O。③重度,膀胱内压低于20cmH2O。膀胱内压若>150cmH2O时仍无漏尿,说明尿失禁原因不在尿道。
(2)尿道压力和膀胱内括约肌压力测定:正常人最大尿道压,男性为85~126cmH2O,女性为35~115cmH2O。压力性尿失禁病人尿道压力普遍降低,近端尿道内压、最大尿道压下降更为明显;最大尿道关闭压降低;诱发试验时尿道压不升高。膀胱内括约肌压力波消失。
(3)漏尿点压力测定:能准确反映患者在排尿过程中逼尿肌及括约肌的功能情况。
2、尿道膀胱镜检
可了解外括约肌的功能状态,膀胱颈口是否纤维化。前列腺术后病人,应注意是否有组织残留。了解尿道有无松弛,膀胱有无病变。
诊断
诊断原则
尿失禁多结合病史、实验室检查及专科检查确诊。尿瘘、遗尿症、输尿管开口异位、膀胱膨出可有相似症状,需鉴别诊断。
诊断依据
1、病史询问要注意有无下列情况
(1)发生年龄。
(2)发生前有无排尿预感。
(3)尿失禁是间歇性,还是持续性。
(4)尿失禁与腹压增加的关系。
(5)是否有尿路长期感染病史,糖尿病史。
(6)有无盆腔、膀胱、尿道、阴道、前列腺手术史。
(7)神经系统病史、脊髓损伤史。
(8)用药情况。
2、体查要注意下列情况
耻骨上膀胱空虚与充盈、脊柱发育、神经系统检查、肛门括约肌松弛程度、女性尿道长度、阴道前壁膨出情况、阴茎海绵体反射、阴蒂反射。
3、专科试验
(1)应力试验:导尿排空膀胱并测量残余尿量,向膀胱内注入生理盐水250ml,患者站立用爱力司夹夹住阴道前壁黏膜,把夹子向下轻拉尿失禁加重,向上推则阻止漏尿。
(2)诱发试验:病人取截石位,检查者用手将其阴唇分开,属病人咳嗽,尿液可立即由尿道口流出;当增加腹压解除后,流尿立即停止。此为诱发试验阳性。
(3)膀胱颈抬高试验:在诱发试验基础上,检查者以右手中、示指经阴道从两侧抬高膀胱颈,再行诱发试验,尿失禁不再出现,即为膀胱颈抬高试验阳性。
(4)棉签试验:是用插入尿道的棉签测定尿道膀胱后角,以判定尿道下垂的严重程度。
鉴别诊断
1、尿瘘
输尿管阴道瘘、膀胱或尿道阴道瘘、脐尿管瘘及膀胱外翻等疾病,尿液经阴道漏出时,往往误认为尿失禁。静脉尿路造影,在输尿管损伤的近端,多有扩张,并可见到造影剂外溢;经膀胱镜检查行输尿管插管,注入美蓝,可在阴道内看到瘘口的位置。膀胱或尿道阴道瘘,经阴道检查可确定瘘孔位置,经瘘孔可窥见经尿道插入的导尿管;也可将纱布块塞入阴道,然后经尿道注入美蓝溶液,纱布即见蓝染;膀胱镜检查可发现瘘孔,并可经疹口插入输尿管导管并自阴道穿出。脐尿管瘘,脐部间歇性漏尿,可从脐部注入美蓝,膀胱尿可染蓝;由脐部注入造影剂,在X线侧位片可显示脐尿管瘘的全部;膀胱造影时,可显示膀胧脐尿管相接上达脐部。
2、遗尿症
发生于3岁以上儿童,没有器质性病变,白天能控制尿,夜间睡眠时无意识地排尿,偶有在白天入睡后也有遗尿者,但体格检查及其他特殊检查均无异常。
3、输尿管开口异位
输尿管开口异位于尿道,有尿液从尿道口溢出。但溢尿为持续性,与膀胱内压力增加无关,而且有正常的排尿。排泄性尿路造影,多显示有双肾盂、双输尿管畸形,异位开口的输尿管引流上肾盂且后者发育不全。B型超声检查可发现双肾盂。尿道镜检查,可以看到异位的输尿管开口而明确诊断。
4、膀胱膨出
有尿失禁的病史,但有下腹及会阴部坠感,测膀胱残余尿量多,用力时阴道前壁膨出。膀胱尿道造影的X线征象是尿道后角及尿道倾斜角均在正常范围内,膀胱造影可显示部分膀胱壁膨出。膀胱膨出行阴道前壁修补后症状改善,但压力性尿失禁症状如故,甚至会加重。
治疗
预计治疗
尿失禁治疗最理想的结果是消除病因,但在许多情况下如神经源性的患者中几乎是不可能的,这就需要通过其他方法加以控制。多数尿失禁患者初期可采用非手术治疗方式控制症状,对于病情较重或非手术治疗方式无效者可通过手术方式处理。
治疗方法
1、非手术治疗
(1)药物治疗
根据治疗药物的特性可分为以下几个方面:
①抑制逼尿肌收缩的药物:如抗胆碱能药物、三环类抗抑郁药等用于治疗逼尿肌反射亢进或过度活跃引起的急迫性尿失禁。前者有阿托品、溴丙胺太林、托特罗定等;后者以丙米嗪为代表。
②增加尿道阻力的药物:如α肾上腺素能受体兴奋剂(麻黄碱、丙米嗪等);β肾上腺素能抑制剂(普萘洛尔)。
③降低尿道阻力的药物:如α-受体阻滞剂(酚妥拉明、坦索罗辛、哌唑嗪、特拉唑嗪等)可降低尿道平滑肌的张力;多突触抑制剂(巴氯芬、地西泮等)可解除外括约肌痉挛。
④激素:如雌激素可增强α-肾上腺受体的密度和敏感性,营养尿道黏膜、黏膜下组织以及盆底和尿道周围的胶原组织以增加尿道阻力,对女性尿失禁患者具有治疗作用。
(2)盆底锻炼和生物反馈技术
有意识地作盆底肌肉收缩和放松,具体动作包括提肛、中断排尿等。应包括快速和维持盆底肌肉的收缩以加强快、慢两种肌纤维,主要为了重建软弱的盆底支撑功能。其治愈或改善率达50%~80%。在盆底锻炼中可辅以生物反馈技术,通过正反馈以增加治疗效果,如会阴收缩测压计,或通过声音或肌电图控制器等生物反馈装置等让患者听到或看到收缩的强度及持续时间,从而产生听觉或视觉增强效应。目前已有作者用膀胱内压测定作为治疗逼尿肌过度活跃的生物反馈技术。
(3)膀胱训练
又称行为矫正,主要用于尿频、尿急和急迫性尿失禁的患者中。其方法是让患者仔细记排尿记录,并学会盆底锻炼,根据上周的日记固定排尿间期,在排尿间期内通过收缩括约肌延迟排尿,排尿间期每周增加15分钟,直至达3~4小时为止。其原理是约半数患者在膀胱逼尿肌不自主收缩时能感到尿急并能通过收缩括约肌、放弃排尿而消除逼尿肌的不自主收缩。
(4)电刺激
电刺激是通过引起括约肌和(或)盆底肌的收缩及反射性抑制逼尿肌而达到治疗尿失禁的目的,可用于治疗压力性尿失禁和急迫性或反射性尿失禁患者。电刺激包括感应电刺激、干扰电刺激和经皮神经电刺激。电刺激的常见部位有阴道、会阴、直肠胫后神经及骶孔神经根处。
(5)阴道托及尿道夹
阴道托用于有盆底器官脱垂伴有尿失禁的患者,可以暂时地缓解症状,是一种有效的非侵入性的治疗方法。尿道夹主要用于男性括约肌功能不全的尿失禁患者中,易引起尿道憩室等。
(6)保留导尿或间歇自身导尿
主要用于充盈性尿失禁的患者。
(7)尿道填充剂治疗
尿道填充剂主要用于治疗女性压力性尿失禁,治愈率可达25%。尿道填充剂可以扩张尿道黏膜下层,从而增加对尿道腔内的压力。常用的填充剂有:牛戊二醛交联样胶原、碳表面锆珠、聚四氟乙烯、透明质酸、聚二甲基硅氧烷、二甲亚砜、自身组织(脂肪、软骨)。尚无独具优势能取代其他的填充剂。填充剂用于男性前列腺切除术后尿失禁,疗效不满意。
(8)膀胱内灌注和逼尿肌注射治疗
膀胱内灌注辣椒辣素和辣椒辣素类似物(RTX),可阻断膀胱壁辣椒碱受体,用于治疗逼尿肌亢进引起的尿失禁。经尿道内镜引导下逼尿肌注射肉毒杆菌毒素,抑制乙酰胆碱的释放,可治疗逼尿肌亢进引起的尿失禁。
2、手术疗法
外科手术治疗尿失禁是为了抑制逼尿肌反射亢进或过度活跃、增加或降低尿道阻力、加强盆底的支撑。
(1)抑制逼尿肌反射亢进或过度活跃
①神经阻滞或切断术。
②膀胱周围神经剥脱术。
③严重患者考虑尿流改道。
④膀胱扩大术治疗膀胱顺应性低及小容量的患者。
(2)增加或降低尿道阻力
①增加尿道阻力的手术:包括尿道延长或折叠术、人工尿道括约肌置入术。
②降低尿道阻力的手术:包括膀胱颈部切开术、前列腺手术、尿道狭窄行尿道内切开术等。
(3)加强盆底支撑
手术方法很多,但基本术式有以下四种:
①针悬挂术:即用特殊的带线针在耻骨上区通过皮肤进入阴道,复位或提起膀胱颈和尿道,如Raz术等。
②悬吊手术:将各种材料(如自体筋膜、合成物等)经手术置于膀胱颈后作为支撑或腹压升高时作为尿道的压迫物。可经阴道切口或开放手术及腹腔镜进行。
③开放手术或阴道悬吊术:如Burch手术、Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz术。
④经腹腔镜手术:基本手术方式与上述相同,只是利用腹腔镜对上述三种手术进行改进。
相关药物
阿托品、溴丙胺太林、托特罗定、丙米嗪、麻黄碱。普萘洛尔、酚妥拉明、坦索罗辛、哌唑嗪、特拉唑嗪、巴氯芬、地西泮、椒辣素、辣椒素类似物、肉毒杆菌毒素等。
日常
Principles of care
1. Skin care
Urine overflow can irritate the surrounding skin, wipe it with a towel, avoid frequent washing and rinsing, and avoid reducing the natural defense against bladder infection. Some skin care oils, creams, such as petroleum jelly, can be used to protect the skin from urine irritation.
2. Life care
(1) Patients with urge urinary incontinence or nocturnal urinary incontinence should live in a room close to the toilet.
(2) Remove carpets or furniture that patients may trip or touch on the way to the toilet, and use a night light to illuminate the path to reduce the risk of falling.
(3) You can try to wear a pee pad when you go out.
prophylaxis
Preventive measures
Urinary incontinence is not always preventable. The following measures can help reduce risk:
1. Quit smoking and limit alcohol, and avoid consuming too much caffeine and acidic foods and other bladder irritants.
2. Maintain a healthy weight.
3. Try not to drink water before going to bed.
4. Detect and treat the disease early.
5. Don’t hold urine, and urinate in time when you have the urge to urinate.
6. Strengthen physical exercise and prevent and treat various chronic diseases.
7. Maintain a peaceful mind and actively respond to opportunities and challenges in life and work.
8. Regular sex life, develop good living habits, and beware of urethral infections.
9. Eat a light diet and eat more fiber-rich foods to avoid constipation and increased abdominal pressure.
10. Postpartum women should also pay attention to weight loss, rest more, not be overly tired, and contract H gate 5-10 every day